Ginsenoside Rg1 Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses Via the Phospholipase C-γ1 Signaling Pathway in Murine BV-2 Microglial Cells

Background and Purpose: Microglial activation plays an important role in neurodegenerative diseases by producing an array of proinflammatory enzymes and cytokines. Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), a well-known Chinese herbal medicine, has been well recognized for its anti-inflammatory effect. This study sought to determine the anti-inflammatory effects of Rg1 and its underlying mechanisms in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine BV-2 microglial cells. Experimental Approach: Murine BV-2 microglial cells were treated with Rg1 (10, 20, and 40 mu M) and/or LPS (1 mu g.ml(-1)). The mRNA and protein levels of proinflammatory proteins and cytokines were analysed by RT-PCR assay and double immunofluorescence labeling, respectively. Phosphorylation levels of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) cascades, inhibitor kappa B-alpha (I kappa B-alpha) and cyclic AMP-responsive element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB) were measured by western blot. U73122 (5 mu M), a specific phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, was used to determine if PLC signaling pathway might be involved in Rg1's action on activated BV-2 cells. Key Results: Pretreatment with Rg1 significantly attenuated the LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) in BV-2 cells. U73122 blocked the effects of Rg1 on LPS-induced microglial activation. In addition, PLC-gamma 1 inhibition partially abolished the inhibitory effect of Rg1 on the phosphorylation of I kappa B-alpha, CREB, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK). Conclusion and Implications: This investigation demonstrates that Rg1 significantly attenuates overactivation of microglial cells by repressing expression levels of neurotoxic proinflammatory mediators and cytokines via activation of PLC-gamma 1 signaling pathway.