Risk assessment of pesticide residues in South African raw wheat

The presence of pesticide residues in wheat produced and imported in South Africa was determined and their health risks assessed. Pesticides were detected in all local (median = 1, range: 1-3, n = 71) and imported (median = 1, range: 1-6, n = 13) samples. Multiple pesticides (>1 pesticide) were detected in about 30% local samples and 39% imported samples. Eight different pesticides were detected in total. The most frequently detected pesticides were mercaptothion (99%), permethrin (19%) and chlorpyrifos (17%). Nine (11%) samples exceeded the EU wheat MRL for permethrin (0.05 mg/kg) which included 7 (10%) local samples and 2 (15%) imported samples. The highest fenitrothion level (0.65 mg/kg) corresponds to an intake that was below but near the estimated short-term safety threshold. The results call for an investigation into the levels of pesticide residues in cereal-based food and for tighter regulation and regular monitoring by government and industry. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.