Application of particle swarm optimization algorithm for solving bi-level linear programming problem

Bi-level linear programming is a technique for modeling decentralized decision. It consists of the upper-level and lower-level objectives. This paper attempts to develop an efficient method based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm with swarm intelligence. The performance of the proposed method is ascertained by comparing the results with genetic algorithm (GA) using four problems in the literature and an example of supply chain model. The results illustrate that the PSO algorithm outperforms GA in accuracy. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.