Lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, maresins and nitrolipids, and their clinical implications with specific reference to diabetes mellitus and other diseases: part II

Obesity, insulin resistance, essential hypertension, Type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, coronary heart disease, osteoporosis, renal failure, Alzheimer's disease, depression, schizophrenia, aging and rheumatological conditions are low-grade systemic inflammatory conditions, in which there is an increase in the production of proinflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species and proinflammatory eicosanoids, while a decrease in the cellular antioxidants, anti-inflammatory cytokines and certain polyunsaturated fatty acids, and their anti-inflammatory products, lipoxins (LXs), resolvins (Rvs), protectins, maresins and nitrolipids, occurs. This imbalance between the pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules in these diseases suggests that therapeutic strategies directed to suppress inappropriate inflammation and enhance the synthesis/action of anti-inflammatory bioactive lipids may aid the prevention of and recovery from these diseases. It is proposed that both local and systemic delivery of LXs, Rvs, protectins, maresins and nitrolipids and/or their more stable synthetic analogs may prove to be useful in these diseases. In this part II of the review, the discussion is centered on the role of LXs, Rvs, protectins and nitrolipids in diabetes mellitus and other diseases.