Cytomegalovirus drives V2neg T cell inflation in many healthy virus carriers with increasing age

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) usually causes lifelong asymptomatic infection, but over time can distort immune profiles. Recent reports describe selective expansion of V2neg T cells in healthy and immunocompromised CMV carriers. Having shown previously that virus-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses are increased significantly in elderly CMV carriers, probably driven by chronic stimulation, we hypothesized that V2neg T cells may also be expanded with age. Our results show that V2neg T cells are increased significantly in CMV-seropositive healthy individuals compared to CMV-seronegative controls in all age groups. The differences were most significant in older age groups (P<0 center dot 0001). Furthermore, while V2neg T- cells comprise both naive and memory cells in CMV-seronegative donors, highly differentiated effector memory cells are the dominant phenotype in CMV carriers, with naive cells reduced significantly in numbers in CMV-seropositive elderly. Although phenotypically resembling conventional CMV-specific T cells, V2neg T cells do not correlate with changes in magnitude of CMV-specific CD4+ or CD8+ T cell frequencies within those individuals, and do not possess ex-vivo immediate effector function as shown by CMV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. However, after short-term culture, V2neg T cells demonstrate effector T cell functions, suggesting additional requirements for activation. In summary, V2neg T cells are expanded in many older CMV carriers, demonstrating a further level of lymphocyte subset skewing by CMV in healthy individuals. As others have reported shared reactivity of V2neg T cells towards tumour cells, the composition of T cell subsets may also have implications for risk of developing cancer in elderly people.