Boron removal by membrane contactors: the water that purifies water

The potential of membrane contactors for treating boron containing waters were investigated. In particular, experimental tests at lab scale on flat membrane modules with 40 cm(2) of membrane area were carried out, to identify the effect of different parameters, such as temperature, flow rate, boron concentration, etc. on the efficiency of the process. Water was chosen as the extractant in order to avoid the pollution of the feed stream and two symmetric microporous hydrophilic flat membranes with different pore size and porosity were used. From these tests, it results that the boron removal increases with the extractant temperature and with the operating flow rates. However, it is independent on the initial boron concentration in the feed water. Moreover, higher removals are obtained with the membrane with larger pore size and higher porosity. Based on the experimental results, an integrated reverse osmosis-membrane contactor system, where the membrane contactor works on the reverse osmosis permeate, was proposed and designed for a 100 m(3)/h fresh water production (with a boron content a parts per thousand currency sign0.4 ppm). In particular, membranes with higher porosity and lower thickness than those used in the experimental tests were considered for the calculations, in order to work at 25A degrees C (so, there is no need of heating the extractant stream) with reasonable membrane areas. The comparison of the proposed plant to that actually used, has shown that the proposed one appears to be more effective in terms of size, energy and chemical consumption, flexibility and modularity.