Adiponectin inhibits the production of CXC receptor 3 chemokine ligands in macrophages and reduces T-lymphocyte recruitment in atherogenesis

Obese individuals often have low plasma adiponectin and concomitant chronic inflammation with a predisposition to metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. The present study reports a novel antiinflammatory action of adiponectin in human monocyte-derived macrophages (M Phi) suppressing T-lymphocyte accumulation in atherogenesis. RNA profiling of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human M Phi identified CXC chemokine ligands (CXCLs), such as IP-10 (interferon [IFN]-inducible protein 10) (CXCL10), I-TAC (IFN-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant) ( CXCL11), and Mig (monokine induced by IFN-gamma) (CXCL9), T-lymphocyte chemoattractants associated with atherogenesis, among the top 14 transcripts suppressed by adiponectin. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA verified that adiponectin inhibited expression of these chemokines at both the mRNA and protein levels in a concentration-dependent manner. Adiponectin reduced the release by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated M Phi of chemoattractant activity for CXC chemokine receptor 3-transfected (receptor for IP-10, Mig, and I-TAC) lymphocytes. Adiponectin decreased lipopolysaccharide-inducible IP-10 promoter activity in promoter-transfected THP-1 M Phi but did not change IP-10 mRNA stability. In lipopolysaccharide-stimulated M Phi, reduction of IFN-beta by adiponectin preceded inhibition of IP-10 mRNA expression. Immunoblot and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses demonstrated that adiponectin attenuated activation of the transcription factor IFN regulatory factor 3, involved in the MyD88-independent pathway of Toll-like receptor 4 signaling, and subsequent IFN regulatory factor 3 binding to IFN-beta promoter. In vivo studies further demonstrated that apolipoprotein E/adiponectin double-deficient (apoE(-/-) APN(-/-)) mice had increased plasma IP-10 levels, accelerated T-lymphocyte accumulation in atheromata, and augmented atherogenesis compared with apoE single-deficient (apoE(-/-) APN(-/-)) mice. This study establishes that low levels of adiponectin associated with obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and diabetes favor T-lymphocyte recruitment and contribute to adaptive immune response during atherogenesis.