Impaired Coronary Flow Reserve as a Marker of Microvascular Dysfunction to Predict Long-Term Cardiovascular Outcomes, Acute Coronary Syndrome and the Development of Heart Failure

Background: In the absence of obstructive coronary narrowing, impaired coronary flow reserve (CFR) represents coronary microvascular dysfunction. Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TIDE) allows non-invasive measurement of CFR in the left anterior descending (LAD) artery. This study aimed to assess the prognostic value of TTDE-derived CFR (as a marker of microvascular function) in predicting long-term cardiovascular events, acute coronary syndrome (ACS) events, and the development of heart failure (HF). Methods and Results: This study consisted of 272 patients with coronary artery disease not involving obstructive narrowing (>= 50%) in the LAD. Patients underwent TIDE examination for CFR measurement in the LAD. During the follow-up period of 4.0 +/- 1.9 years, 32 patients (12%) had cardiovascular events. Cox proportional hazard analysis identified lower CFR as an independent risk factor of cardiovascular events (P<0.001), ACS events (P=0.008), and HF development (P=0.003). A CFR less than 2.4 was the best cut-off value for predicting all events (area under the curve=0.82). CFR excellently predicted the development of HF (area under the curve=0.95), but not ACS events (area under the curve=0.67). Conclusions: This TTDE study demonstrated that CFR was a significant and independent determinant of long-term cardiovascular events, ACS events and HF in patients with coronary artery disease. A CFR greater than 2.0 was not suitable to predict a favorable long-term outcome, even in the absence of obstructive coronary narrowing. (Circ J 2012; 76: 1958-1964)