Prediction of metal toxicity in aquatic organisms

Metal pollution has been a major environmental problem in China with the increasing industrialization. The prediction of metal toxicity is extremely challenging due to the complex metal handling and sequestration strategies of different aquatic organisms. In this review, the recent progress made in this area is discussed. In particular, the subcellular partitioning model which has gained recognition in recent years is highlighted. The subcellular partitioning model appears to be dependable for predicting the toxicity in unicellular phytoplankton. It is important to understand the differential ways that metals bind to different subcellular pools and their ecotoxicological significance in aquatic organisms under different exposure regimes. It is also critical to appreciate that every metal is unique to each aquatic species. Despite the huge progress made over the past 30 years, much remains to be done to fully understand metal toxicity in aquatic organisms.