Augmentations to the Noah Model Physics for Application to the Yellow River Source Area. Part II: Turbulent Heat Fluxes and Soil Heat Transport

This is the second part of a study on the assessment of the Noah land surface model (LSM) in simulating surface water and energy budgets in the high-elevation source region of the Yellow River. Here, there is a focus on turbulent heat fluxes and heat transport through the soil column during the monsoon season, whereas the first part of this study deals with the soil water flow. Four augmentations are studied for mitigating the overestimation of turbulent heat flux and underestimation of soil temperature measurements: 1) the muting effect of vegetation on the thermal heat conductivity k(h) is removed from the transport of heat from the first to the second soil layer, 2) the exponential decay factor beta(veg) imposed on kh is calculated using the ratio of the leaf area index (LAI) over the green vegetation fraction (GVF), 3) Zilitinkevich's empirical coefficient C-zil for turbulent heat transport is computed as a function of the momentum roughness length z(0,m), and 4) the impact of organic matter is considered in the parameterization of the thermal heat properties. Although usage of organic matter for calculating kh improves the correspondence between the estimates and laboratory measurements of heat conductivities, it is shown to have a relatively small impact on the Noah LSM performance even for large organic matter contents. In contrast, the removal of the muting effect of vegetation on kh and the parameterization of beta(veg) greatly enhances the soil temperature profile simulations, whereas turbulent heat flux and surface temperature computations mostly benefit from the modified C-zil formulation. Further, the nighttime surface temperature overestimation is resolved from a coupled land-atmosphere perspective.