Historical trends of inorganic and organic fluorine in sediments of Lake Michigan

Total fluorine (TF), extractable organic fluorine (EOF) and poly- and per-fluorinated compounds (PFCs) were measured in eight dated cores of sediment taken along with 27 surface sediments from Lake Michigan in 2010. Based on rates of sedimentation, total concentrations of PFCs (Sigma PFCs) reached a maximum in the later 1990s and early 2000s. This result is consistent with rapid changes in production and subsequent sedimentation. Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) are still the predominant PFCs in the cores, but in surface sediments, concentrations of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) are now occurring at concentrations comparable to those of PFOS and PFOA. This observation is consistent with shifts in patterns of production and use in the US and Canada. Concentrations of TF in sediments were greater than those of EOF. This result is consistent with a larger proportion of un-extractable fluorinated material in both surface sediments and in cores. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.