Activated carbon/Fe3O4 nanoparticle composite: Fabrication, methyl orange removal and regeneration by hydrogen peroxide

In the water treatment field, activated carbons (ACs) have wide applications in adsorptions. However, the applications are limited by difficulties encountered in separation and regeneration processes. Here, activated carbon/Fe3O4 nanoparticle composites, which combine the adsorption features of powdered activated carbon (PAC) with the magnetic and excellent catalytic properties of Fe3O4 nanoparticles, were fabricated by a modified impregnation method using HNO3 as the carbon modifying agent. The obtained composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption isotherms and vibrating sample magnetometer. Their performance for methyl orange (MO) removal by adsorption was evaluated. The regeneration of the composite and PAC-HNO3 (powdered activated carbon modified by HNO3) adsorbed MO by hydrogen peroxide was investigated. The composites had a high specific surface area and porosity and a superparamagnetic property that shows they can be manipulated by an external magnetic field. Adsorption experiments showed that the MO sorption process on the composites followed pseudo-second order kinetic model and the adsorption isotherm date could be simulated with both the Freundlich and Langmuir models. The regeneration indicated that the presence of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles is important for a achieving high regeneration efficiency by hydrogen peroxide. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.