Perfluorinated acids as novel chemical tracers of global circulation of ocean waters

Perfluorinated acids (PFAs) such as perfluorooetanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) are global environmental cotaminants. The physicochemical properties of PFAs are unique in that they have high water solubilities despite the low reactivity of carbon-fluorine bond, which also imparts high stability in the environment. Because of the high water solubilities, the open-ocean water column is suggested to be the final sink for PFOS and PFOA. However, little is known on the distribution of PFAs in the oceans around the world. Here we describe the horizontal (spatial) and vertical distribution of PFAs in ocean waters worldwide. PFOS and PFOA concentrations in the North Atlantic Ocean ranged from 8.6 to 36 pg l(-1) and from 52 to 338 pg l(-1), respectively, whereas the corresponding concentrations in the Mid Atlantic Ocean were 13-73 pg l(-1) and 67-439 pg l(-1). These were completely different from the surface waters of the South Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean (overall range of <5-11 pg l(-1) for PFOS and PFOA). Vertical profiles of PFAs in the marine water column were associated with the global ocean circulation theory. Vertical profiles of PFAs in water columns from the Labrador Sea reflected the influx of the North Atlantic Current in surface waters, the Labrador Current in subsurface waters, and the Denmark Strait Overflow Water in deep layers below 2000 in. Striking differences in the vertical and spatial distribution of PFAs, depending on the oceans, suggest that these persistent acids can serve as useful chemical tracers to allow us to study oceanic transportation by major water currents. The results provide evidence that PFA concentrations and profiles in the oceans adhere to a pattern consistent with the global Broecker's Conveyor Belt theory of open ocean water circulation. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.