Additive Effects of Amines on Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Quinoxalines Catalyzed by Chiral Iridium Complexes

The additive effects of amines were realized in the asymmetric hydrogenation of 2-phenylquinoxaline, and its derivatives, catalyzed by chiral cationic dinuclear triply halide-bridged iridium complexes [{Ir(H)[diphosphine]}2(mu-X)3]X (diphosphine=(S)-2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'-binaphthyl [(S)-BINAP], (S)-5,5'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-4,4'-bi-1,3-benzodioxole [(S)-SEGPHOS], (S)-5,5'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-2,2,2',2'-tetrafluoro-4,4'-bi-1,3-benzodioxole [(S)-DIFLUORPHOS]; X=Cl, Br, I) to produce the corresponding 2-aryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxalines. The additive effects of amines were investigated by solution dynamics studies of iridium complexes in the presence of N-methyl-p-anisidine (MPA), which was determined to be the best amine additive for achievement of a high enantioselectivity of (S)-2-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxaline, and by labeling experiments, which revealed a plausible mechanism comprised of two cycles. One catalytic cycle was less active and less enantioselective; it involved the substrate-coordinated mononuclear complex [IrHCl2(2-phenylquinoxaline){(S)-BINAP}], which afforded half-reduced product 3-phenyl-1,2-dihydroquinoxaline. A poorly enantioselective disproportionation of this half-reduced product afforded (S)-2-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxaline. The other cycle involved a more active hydrideamide catalyst, derived from amine-coordinated mononuclear complex [IrCl2H(MPA){(S)-BINAP}], which functioned to reduce 2-phenylquinoxaline to (S)-2-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxaline with high enantioselectivity. Based on the proposed mechanism, an IrIJOSIPHOS (JOSIPHOS=(R)-1-[(Sp)-2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)ferrocenylethyl]diphenylphosphine) catalyst in the presence of amine additive resulted in the highest enantioselectivity for the asymmetric hydrogenation of 2-phenylquinoxaline. Interestingly, the reaction rate and enantioselectivity were gradually increased during the reaction by a positive-feedback effect from the product amines.