Structural modification strategies for the rational design of red/NIR region BODIPYs

This review focuses on classifying different types of long wavelength absorbing BODIPY dyes based on the wide range of structural modification methods that have been adopted, and on tabulating their spectral and photophysical properties. The structure-property relationships are analyzed in depth with reference to molecular modeling calculations, so that the effectiveness of the different structural modification strategies for shifting the main BODIPY spectral bands to longer wavelengths can be readily compared, along with their effects on the fluorescence quantum yield (Phi(F)) values. This should facilitate the future rational design of red/NIR region BODIPY dyes for a wide range of different applications.