Effects of synthesis conditions and annealing post-treatment on the photocatalytic activities of ZnO nanoparticles in the degradation of methylene blue dye

The effects of synthesis conditions (i.e., metal concentration, precursor flowrate, and O-2 dispersion) during flame-spray pyrolysis (FSP) and annealing post-treatment on the characteristics and photocatalytic activities of ZnO nanoparticles have been investigated. The average particle size of ZnO powder prepared by one-step FSP method were in the range of 8.8-47.0 nm and were found to be increased with increasing the enthalpy density, flame height, and high-temperature residence time during FSP synthesis. The larger particle size FSP-derived ZnO nanoparticles exhibited higher photocatalytic activities in the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye. The degradation rate over FSP-ZnO-47.0 nm was 1.7 and 7.2 times higher than those of the commercially available photocatalysts Degussa P-25 and JRC-TiO2, respectively. The better photocatalytic performance of the FSP-ZnO was correlated well with the improved crystalline quality of ZnO nanoparticles as revealed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the photoluminescence (PL) results. Further increase of FSP-ZnO particle size to 52.6-103.5 nm by annealing post-treatment at high temperatures (750-900 degrees C). however, gradually decreased their photocatalytic activities. Our results in this study suggest a balance between high crystalline quality that enhanced photo phenomena and the surface area available for substrate adsorption in order to obtain high photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanoparticles. (C) 2010 Elsevier By. All rights reserved.