Phosphine-catalyzed [4+1] annulation of 1,3-(aza)dienes with maleimides: highly efficient construction of azaspiro[4.4]nonenes

Phosphine-catalyzed [4+1] annulation of electron-deficient 1,3-dienes or 1,3-azadienes with maleimides has been successfully developed under very mild conditions, providing a convenient and highly efficient method for constructing 2-azaspiro[4.4]nonenes and 1,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonenes. This reaction represents the first example of [4+1] cyclization between electron-deficient 4 pi-conjugated systems and non-allylic phosphorus ylides.