Cooperation behavior between heterogeneous cations in hybrid batteries

A cooperative behavior of Zn2+ and Li+ to conduct charges in a Zn-LiFePO4 battery is disclosed. When Li+ dissolves into the electrolyte, Zn2+ would deposit, and vice versa. In light of this cooperative behavior, the battery can be viewed as a super hybrid system, which combines the strong points of Zn-air battery, lithium-ion battery and redox-flow cell.