Investigations into the genetic variation, population structure, and breeding systems of the fern Asplenium trichomanes subsp quadrivalens

The genetic structure of five populations of the tetraploid fern Asplenium trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens in northern Switzerland was analyzed. Asplenium trichomanes subsp, quadrivalens is one of the most common and most widespread ferns in Europe. In this study we have combined genetic investigations, spatial autocorrelation, and breeding experiments to investigate in detail five populations from natural rock faces. Enzyme electrophoresis revealed very low genetic variability within and among the populations. The small amount of variation was partitioned mainly among the localities, indicated by high F-st values up to 0.764. Overall means of the proportion of polymorphic loci ((P) over bar = 0.076), the mean number of alleles per locus ((A) over bar = 1.086), and the mean expected heterozygosity ((H) over bar = 0.018) were low compared with other ferns (e.g., Kirkpatrick et al. 1990). Very few heterozygous individuals were found. Values of the fixation index (F) were high, ranging between 0.732 and 1.000 and indicating substantial inbreeding. Spatial autocorrelation showed different patterns of substructure in populations of A. trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens with a tendency for patches in short distances (up to 1.5 m). The breeding experiments with isolated prothalli and prothalli pairs showed that a mean of 56.4% of the isolated prothalli were successful in sporophyte formation. The highest rate in one population was 83.3%. We conclude that genetic load must be low in A. trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens. Sporophyte formation was statistically more successful in the experiments with gametophyte pairs than in isolates, indicating that additional cross-fertilization occurred. The latter agreed with the occurrence of few heterozygote samples and the small number of multilocus phenotypes found in natural habitats. Asplenium trichomanes subsp. quadrivalens is shown to be a highly inbreeding taxon with the capability of single spore colonization and subsequent founding of new populations. Such features can be hypothesized to have contributed to the postglacial colonization and the widespread distribution of this taxon in Europe.