Enzymatic biofuel cells utilizing a biomimetic cofactor

The performance of immobilized enzyme systems is often limited by cofactor diffusion and regeneration. Here, we demonstrate an engineered enzyme capable of utilizing the minimal cofactor nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN+) to address these limitations. Significant gains in performance are observed with NMN+ in immobilized systems, despite a decreased turnover rate with the minimal cofactor.