Bottom-up approach to build osteon-like structure by cell-laden photocrosslinkable hydrogel

Based on photocrosslinkable PEGDMA and GelMA hydrogels, two bottom-up approaches (circle-and-cross and layer-by-layer) were successfully developed to construct osteon-like structures with microchannel networks. Significantly, the layer-by-layer approach employing the GelMA hydrogel with a higher biocompatibility was more favorable for building biomimetic osteon.