Simultaneous EISCAT Svalbard and VHF radar observations of ion upflows at different aspect angles

A simultaneous EISCAT Svalbard and VHF radar experiment has shown that field-aligned (FA) ion upflows observed at an altitude of 665 km in the dayside cusp are associated with significant anisotropy of ion temperature; : isotropic increases of electron temperature and enhancements of electron density. There is no clear correspondence between the enhancements of the electric field strength and the occurrence of the ion upflows. This suggests:that the upflow is driven primarily by precipitation. The data Support that in addition to direct precipitation effects, namely enhanced ambipolar diffusion and heat flux, also:wave-particle interaction, like wave-induced transverse ion heating, which causes a hydrodynamic mirror force, may play a role.