How to avoid the fallacies of cognitive subtraction in brain imaging

llnctional neuroanatomy of cognitive processes is generally derived by subtraction of a control task from an experimental task. We show that this method is logically untenable and propose to replace it with an adaptation of the specific-effect method and of the additive-factor method. The basic flaw that undermines the subtractive method is the comparison between different tasks, We argue that the spe cific-effect method should be used when investigating activations produced by different levels of a qualitative variable, whereas the additive-factor method should be used for quantitative variables. The use of these methods allows one to distinguish between parallel and serial stages of processing and between local and distributed processing. (C) 2000 Academic Press.