Piceirhiza bicolorata - the ectomycorrhizal expression of the Hymenoscyphus ericae aggregate?

The mycobionts of Piceirhiza bicolorata, a distinct ectomycorrhizal morphotype of conifers and hardwoods, have been identified by internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequence comparison of the fungi involved. Samples of Piceirhiza bicolorata were obtained from seedlings of Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris, Betula pubescens, Populus tremula, Quercus robur and Salix phylicifolia. In an initial screening, the fungus amplified with universal ITS primers from ectomycorrhizal root samples of P. bicolorata shared approx. 95% ITS1 sequence identity with the ericoid mycorrhizal fungus Hymenoscyphus ericae. A total of 77 out of 88 (= 87.5%) DNA samples (i.e. 52/56 root samples and 25/32 axenic culture isolates) of P. bicolorata were successfully amplified with a taxon-selective primer designed for exclusive amplification of H. ericae-like strains. Forty-seven amplicons were sequenced, yielding 15 different ITS1 genotypes that differed by 1-14 nucleotide character state changes. An inferred ITS1 phylogeny (maximum parsimony) showed that a single major evolutionary lineage of P. bicolorata embraced the historically important H. ericae isolates in a 100% bootstrap-supported clade. The 15 P. bicolorata genotypes were positioned in four subclades, roughly corresponding to morphological groups of P. bicolorata isolates observed in axenic culture. Culture isolates of H. ericae and P. bicolorata share some common morphological features including slow, dense growth and formation of short aerial hyphal aggregates. Our results suggest that members of the H. ericae aggregate participate in the formation of the distinct ectomycorrhizal morphotype P. bicolorata. This opposes the widely accepted discrimination of ericoid and ectomycorrhizal mycobionts of the boreal forest ecosystem. The high prevalence of the P. bicolorata morphotype on pioneer seedlings of P. sylvestris, B. pubescens and S. phylicifolia at a copper mine spoil was remarkable. Hypotheses of possible nutrient mobilization and detoxification potentials of the fungal associates of P. bicolorata are discussed. We hypothesize that ericoid and ectomycorrhizal plants may share mycobionts of the H. ericae aggregate.