Relationships between temperature, development and survival of different life stages of the tomato fruit fly, Neoceratitis cyanescens

The development and survival of female Neoceratitis cyanescens (Bezzi) (Diptera: Tephritidae) from egg to complete ovarian maturation were studied in the laboratory at five different constant temperatures: 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 degrees C. The aim of this study was to get information on the influence of temperature on pre-mature stages, as a prerequisite to optimise rearing procedures and to understand temporal and geographical patterns of fruit fly occurrence. The developmental rate of the different life stages increased linearly with increasing temperatures up to 30 degrees C. The fastest development of pre-mature stages was recorded at 30 degrees C (22 +/- 1 days) and the slowest at 15 degrees C (98 +/- 3 days). The day-degrees requirements (K) to complete total development were 432.6 day-degrees. Lower temperature thresholds were 11.4, 11.9, 10.0, and 11.1 degrees C for egg, larval, pupal stages and ovarian maturation, respectively. The number of adults obtained from an initial batch of 100 eggs reached a maximum (64) at 25 degrees C. At 35 degrees C, no adults emerged. Larval developmental time was significantly shorter in green tomato fruits than in potato tubers at 15, 20, and 25 degrees C. Mortality rate of larvae was higher in green tomato fruits than in potato tubers at 25 and 30 degrees C.