期刊
ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY
卷 41, 期 -, 页码 691-721出版社
ANNUAL REVIEWS
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.41.1.691
关键词
urinary bladder; urethra; neurotransmitters; urinary incontinence; central and peripheral nervous system; smooth muscle
The functions of the lower urinary tract, to store and periodically release urine, are dependent on the activity of smooth and striated muscles in the urinary bladder, urethra, and external urethral sphincter. This activity is in turn controlled by neural circuits in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral ganglia. Various neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, excitatory and inhibitory amino acids, adenosine triphosphate, nitric oxide, and neuropeptides, have been implicated in the neural regulation of the lower urinary tract. Injuries or diseases of the nervous system, as well as drugs and disorders of the peripheral organs. can produce voiding dysfunctions such as urinary frequency, urgency, and incontinence or inefficient voiding and urinary retention. This chapter will review recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of voiding disorders and the targets for drug therapy.
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