Iron bioavailability from iron-fortified Guatemalan meals based on corn tortillas and black bean paste

Background: Corn masa flour is widely consumed in Central America and is therefore a potentially useful vehicle for iron fortification. Objective: The goal was to evaluate the bioavailability of iron from meals based on corn tortillas and black bean paste that were fortified with ferrous fumarate, ferrous sulfate, or NaF(2)EDTA and to investigate the potential of Na(2)EDTA to increase the bioavailability of iron from ferrous fumarate. Design: With use of a crossover study design, iron bioavailability was measured in Guatemalan girls aged 12-13 y by a stable-isotope technique based on erythrocyte incorporation 14 d after intake. Results: Geometric mean iron bioavailability from test meals fortified with ferrous fumarate was 5.5-6.2% and was not improved significantly by the addition of Na(2)EDTA at molar ratios of 1:1 relative to fortification iron or to the total iron content of the fortified corn masa flour. Geometric mean iron bioavailability from test meals fortified with ferrous sulfate was 5.5% and was significantly higher in test meals fortified with NaF(2)EDTA (9.0%; P = 0.009, paired t test). Conclusions: The bioavailability of iron from ferrous fumarate was not improved by the addition of Na(2)EDTA, contrary to what was previously shown for ferrous sulfate in other cereal-based meals. However, the bioavailability of iron from the test meal was significantly enhanced when NaF(2)EDTA replaced ferrous sulfate. These results support the use of NaF(2)EDTA in the fortification of inhibitory staple foods such as corn masa flour.