Crosslinked nanofibrillated cellulose: poly(acrylic acid) nanocomposite films; enhanced mechanical performance in aqueous environments

Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) was compounded with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) via solvent casting. Nanocomposite films were thermally-crosslinked to allow the formation of ester bonds between NFC and PAA, as confirmed by (CNMR)-C-13 and infrared spectroscopy. The network morphology of the cellulose nanofibrils was left intact by the introduction of PAA and crosslinking. Water absorption and swelling was diminished by the introduction of crosslinking, due to the reduced number of vacant hydroxyl and carboxyl groups available to interact with water molecules. Crosslinking with PAA increased the activation energy required for thermal degradation. PAA effectively reinforced NFC, increasing Young's modulus, tensile strength and glass transition temperature. Crosslinking imparted restraints on segmental motion of polymer chains, further enhancing the thermomechanical properties and retaining elasticity. Wet-strength properties were enhanced due to the reduced hydrophilicity of crosslinked nanocomposite films.