TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofiber films: effect of surface morphology on water resistance

2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO)-oxidized cellulose nanofibers were prepared from two kraft pulps (Norway spruce and mixed eucalyptus) using the TEMPO/NaBr/NaClO system at pH 10 and 22 A degrees C. After reaction and mechanical treatment, the TEMPO-oxidized celluloses were used for preparation of self-standing films and coatings of laminate films on 50-mu m-thick polyethylene terephthalate films. Characterization of the films was performed based on water contact angle measurements, laser profilometry, scanning electron microscopy, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy. The purpose of this study is to understand how the measured contact angles are affected by the film's physical properties (morphology, thickness, density, and roughness).