Marine biogeography of southern Australia: phylogeographical structure in a temperate sea-star

Aim To test whether marine biogeographical patterns observed at the community level are also important within species. It is postulated that historical hydrogeographic barriers have driven in situ diversification. Location The intertidal and shallow subtidal zones of southern Australia, New Zealand and nearby islands. Australia's temperate marine communities are characterized by a high degree of endemism and show strong biogeographical structure along an east-west axis. Methods Phylogeographical analysis of the widespread asteriid sea-star Coscinasterias muricata Verrill across southern Australia and New Zealand. Forty-two samples from 27 locations were included in phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial (CO1; control region) and nuclear (ITS2) DNA sequences. Results Analysis of mtDNA revealed a deep phylogenetic split within Australian C. muricata, strongly correlated with latitude. 'Northern' haplotypes (latitude less than or equal to 37.6degrees S, nine sites, 15 samples) were 7.3-9.4% divergent from 'southern' haplotypes (latitude greater than or equal to 37.6degrees S, 19 sites, 27 samples), consistent with late Pliocene separation. Eastern and western representatives of the 'northern' clade were 0.5-1.0% divergent, probably reflecting Pleistocene isolation. The 'southern' clade of Australia is also represented in New Zealand, indicating Pleistocene oceanic dispersal. Nuclear DNA (ITS2) sequences yielded relatively little phylogenetic resolution, but were generally congruent with mtDNA-based groupings. Main conclusions The phylogeographical pattern detected within Australian C. muricata closely resembles marine biogeographical groupings proposed on the basis of community and species distributions. Recurring evolutionary patterns may have been driven by the hydrographic history of southern Australia. Specifically, we suggest that Plio-Pleistocene temperature change and the repeated opening and closure of Bass Strait promoted allopatric divergence and perhaps cryptic speciation in C. muricata.