Functional integration of microRNAs into oncogenic and tumor suppressor pathways

A large body of evidence has documented abnormal microRNA (miRNA) expression patterns in diverse human malignancies. Given that miRNA expression is tightly regulated during development and cellular differentiation, aberrant miRNA expression in cancer cells is likely to be in part a consequence of the loss of normal cellular identity that accompanies malignant transformation. Nevertheless, it is now clear that miRNAs function as critical effectors of several canonical oncogenic and tumor suppressor pathways, including those controlled by Myc and p53. Gain- and loss-of-function of these factors in cancer cells contributes to miRNA dysregulation, directly influencing neoplastic phenotypes including cellular proliferation and apoptosis.