Role of the protein side-chain fluctuations on the strength of pair-wise electrostatic interactions: Comparing experimental with computed pK(a)s

The effect of the protein side-chain fluctuations on the strength of electrostatic interactions was studied. The effect was modeled on 7 different crystal structures on the same enzyme as well as on 20 molecular dynamics snapshot structures. It was shown that the side-chain flexibility affects predominantly the magnitude of the strong pair-wise interactions, that is, the pair-wise interaction among ion pairs, and practically does not affect the interactions with the rest of the protein. This was used to suggest a correction function that should be applied to the original pair-wise electrostatic interaction to mimic the effects of the fluctuations. The procedure is applied on three ion pairs identified in lysozyme. It was shown that sampling different side-chain rotamers and modifying the strength of the pair-wise interaction energies makes calculated pK(a)s less sensitive to the fluctuations of the structure and improves the prediction accuracy.