Genes in the vicinity of CFTR modulate the cystic fibrosis phenotype in highly concordant or discordant F508del homozygous sib pairs

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common severe autosomal recessive disease among Caucasians and is caused by lesions within the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. The variability of CF disease severity suggests the effect of modifying factors. Thirty-four highly concordant and highly discordant F508del homozygous sib pairs, who have been selected out of a group of 114 pairs for extreme disease phenotypes by nutritional and pulmonary status, were typed at single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and short tandem repeat polymorphisms (STRPs) in the 24-cM CFTR-spanning region between D7S525 and D7S495. Allele frequencies differed significantly at D7S495, located within a 21-cM distance 3' of CFTR, comparing concordant mildly affected, concordant severely affected and discordant sib pairs, as judged by hypothesis-free permutation analysis by Monte Carlo simulation. A rare haplotype of two SNPs within the leptin gene promotor was found exclusively among the concordant mildly affected pairs. All concordant sib pairs shared the paternal F508del chromosome between CFTR and D7S495, whilst the cohort of discordant sib pairs inherited equal proportions of recombined and non-recombined parental chromosomes. We conclude that disease manifestation in CF is modulated by loci in the partially imprinted region 3' of CFTR that determine stature, food intake and energy homeostasis, such as the Silver-Russel-Syndrome candidate gene region and LEP.