Default biosynthesis pathway for blood group-related glycolipids in human small intestine as defined by structural identification of linear and branched glycosylceramides in a group O Le(a-b-) nonsecretor

Glycoconjugates of the GI tract are important for microbial interactions. The expression of histo-blood group glycosyltransferases governs both the expression of blood group determinants and in part the structure and size of the glycoconjugates. Using neutral glycolipids isolated from the small intestine of a rare blood group O Le(a-b-) ABH secretor-negative ( nonsecretor) individual we were able to map the default'' pathway of the individual lacking ABO, Lewis, and secretor glycosyltransferases. Structures were deduced with combined analysis of mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF and ESI-MS/MS), and H-1 NMR ( 500 and 600 MHz). All structures present at a level >5% were structurally resolved and included two extended structures: Galbeta4(Fucalpha3) GlcNAcbeta3(Galbeta4[ Fucalpha3] GlcNAcbeta6) Galbeta4GlcNAcbeta3Galbeta4Glcbeta1Cer and Galbeta3GlcNAcbeta3( Galbeta4[ Fucalpha3] GlcNAcbeta6) Galbeta3GlcNAcbeta3Galbeta4Glcbeta1Cer. The first, a novel component, is based on a type 2 chain and bears the Lex glycotopes on both its branches. The second, a major component, is based on a type 1 chain, which bears a 3-linked type 1 precursor (Le(c)) glycotope and a 6-linked Le(x) glycotope on its branches. This latter structure is identical to that previously isolated from plasma and characterized by MS and GC-MS but not by NMR. Structural resolution of these structures was supported by reanalysis of the blood group H - active decaosylceramides previously isolated from rat small intestine. Other minor linear monofucosylated penta-, hepta-, and difucosylated octaosylceramides, some bearing blood group determinants, were also identified. The cumulative data were used to define a default biosynthesis pathway where it can be seen that carbohydrate chain extension, in the absence of blood group glycosyltransferases, is controlled and regulated by non - blood group fucosylation and branching with type 2 Galbeta4GlcNAc branches.