Comparing several atomic spectrometric methods to the super stars: special emphasis on laser induced breakdown spectrometry, LIBS, a future super star

The super stars'' of analytical atomic spectrometry are electrothermal atomization-atomic absorption spectrometry (ETA-AAS), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Many other atomic spectrometric methods have been used to determine levels of elements present in solid, liquid and gaseous samples, but in most cases these other methods are inferior to the big three super star methods. The other atomic methods include glow discharge emission, absorption and mass spectrometric methods, laser excited fluorescence emission and ionization methods, and flame and microwave plasma emission and mass spectrometric methods. These lesser'' methods will be compared to the super star'' methods based on a number of figures of merit, including detection power, selectivity, multi-element capability, cost, applications, and age'' of the methods. The age'' of the method will be determined by a modification of the well-known Laitinen Seven Ages of an Analytical Method'' ( H. A. Laitinen, Anal. Chem., 1973, 45, 2305). Calculations will show that certain methods are capable of single atom detection, including several atomic absorption methods, as well as laser atomic ionization and fluorescence methods. The comparison of methods will indicate why the super stars'' of atomic spectrometric methods will continue to retain their status and what must be done for the lesser atomic methods to approach super star'' status. Certainly most of the lesser atomic spectrometric methods will have a limited place in the analytical arena. Because of the wide current interest and research activity, special emphasis will be placed on the technique of laser induced breakdown spectrometry (LIBS). Its current status and future developments will therefore be reviewed.