Lyophilization in vials on trays: Effects of tray side

The effects of tray side on the performance of lyophilization of pharmaceuticals in vials arranged in Clusters of hexagonal arrays on trays are studied and the results of this work indicate that it would be beneficial to operate the freeze drying process by employing freeze dryers whose trays have no tray sides and using heat input control that runs the lyophilization process close to the melting and scorch temperature constraints during the primary and secondary drying stages, respectively.