Iron Deficiency Status Irrespective of Anemia: A Predictor of Unfavorable Outcome in Chronic Heart Failure Patients

Objective: To assess the prognostic significance of iron deficiency (ID) in a chronic heart failure (CHF) outpatient population. Methods and Results: We prospectively evaluated 127 patients with stable CHF and left ventricular ejection fraction <= 45%. Clinical and analytical data as well as information regarding the occurrence of the composite endpoint of overall mortality and nonfatal cardiovascular events were assessed. Among the 127 patients enrolled [81% men, median age: 62 years (25th-75th percentile: 53-68)], 46 (36%) patients had ID. Women, patients with higher plasma brain natriuretic peptide levels (>400 pg/ml) and with right ventricular systolic dysfunction presented ID more frequently (p < 0.05 for all). At 225 +/- 139 days of follow-up, the composite endpoint occurred in 15 (12%) patients. It was more frequent in ID (24 vs. 5%, p = 0.001) and anemic patients (25 vs. 8%, p = 0.014). In a Cox regression analysis, ID was associated with a higher likelihood of composite endpoint occurrence (HR 5.00, 95% CI 1.59-15.78, p = 0.006). In a multivariable analysis adjusted for clinical variables, including the presence of anemia, ID remained a significant predictor of the composite endpoint (HR 5.38, 95% CI 1.54-18.87, p = 0.009). Conclusion: In a CHF outpatient population, ID carried a higher risk of unfavorable outcome, irrespectively of the presence of anemia. (C) 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel