Protein carbonyl levels, glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms and risk of colorectal cancer

Oxidative stress has been associated with the carcinogenesis of colorectal cancer. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) modulate the elimination of free radical. We conducted a case-control study to examine the interaction between oxidative stress and GSTs polymorphisms on colorectal cancer risk. This study recruited 727 pathologically confirmed colorectal adenocarcinoma cases and 736 sex- and age-matched controls. Plasma protein carbonyls, as a parameter of oxidative stress, were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Genotypes of GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 genes were determined using polymerase chain reaction methods. The protein carbonyl levels were significantly higher in cases than in controls and exerted a dose-response relationship (P for trend < 0.001). Compared with the first carbonyl quartile subjects, those in the second, third and fourth quartiles had odds ratios (ORs) of 1.54 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.13-2.10], 1.52 (95% CI = 1.11-2.07) and 1.98 (95% CI = 1.46-2.67), respectively. This effect was significantly modified by GSTM1 genotype (P for interaction = 0.037). The three-way interaction analysis revealed that interactions between GSTM1 genotype and cigarette smoking and between GSTT1 genotype and alcohol drinking further modified the oxidative stress contribution for colorectal cancer (p for interaction were 0.067 and 0.054, respectively). The impact of oxidative stress was more prominent among ever-smokers with GSTM1-null genotype (OR = 3.45, 95% CI = 1.70-6.97) and ever-drinkers with GSTT1-present genotype (OR = 3.87, 95% CI = 1.82-8.25). Our results indicate that interaction between oxidative stress and GSTs polymorphisms may play an important role in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer.