Phloem hydrostatic pressure relates to solute loading rate: a direct test of the Munch hypothesis

According to the Munch hypothesis, a flow of solution through the sieve tubes is driven by a hydrostatic pressure difference between the source ( or collection) phloem and the sink ( or release) phloem. A high hydrostatic pressure is maintained in the collection phloem by the active uptake of sugar and other solutes, with a concomitant inflow of water. A lower pressure is maintained in the release phloem through solute unloading. In this work we directly test the role of solute uptake in creating the hydrostatic pressure associated with phloem flow. Solute loading into the phloem of mature leaves of barley and sow thistle was reduced by replacing the air supply with nitrogen gas. Hydrostatic pressure in adjacent sieve elements was measured with a sieve-element pressure probe, a cell pressure probe glued to the exuding stylet of aphids that had been feeding from the phloem. Sieve element sap was sampled by aphid stylectomy; sap osmotic pressure was determined by picolitre osmometry and its sugar concentration by enzyme-linked fluorescence assays. Samples were taken with a time resolution of similar to 2 - 3 min. In accordance with Munch's proposal a drop in osmotic and hydrostatic pressure in the source phloem following treatment of the source leaf with N(2) was observed. A decrease in sugar concentration was the major contributor to the change in osmotic pressure. By observing these variables at a time resolution of minutes we have direct observation of the predictions of Munch.