Io's atmosphere and surface-atmosphere interactions

Our knowledge of Io's atmosphere has improved dramatically in the last fifteen years, with a wealth of new observational data at millimeter, UV and IR wavelengths, and the development of numerous models describing its horizontal and vertical structure, composition, photochemistry and plasma interaction. Io's atmosphere is dominantly composed Of SO2, present mostly at low-to-mid latitudes with column densities of a few 10(16) cm(-2) and important (factors of 5-10) longitudinal variations. Minor compounds include SO, S-2, and NaCl. Sublimation equilibrium with SO2 frost and direct volcanic output coexist to maintain Io's atmosphere against condensation, photolytic and escape losses.