Strategy and mechanism for the prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma: Phosphorylated retinoid X receptor alpha is a critical target for hepatocellular carcinoma chemoprevention

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major health care problem worldwide. The prognosis of patients with HCC is poor because even in the early stages when surgical treatment might be expected to be curative, the incidence of recurrence in patients with underlying cirrhosis is very high due to multicentric carcinogenesis. Therefore, strategies to prevent recurrence and second primary HCC are required to improve the prognosis. One of the most practical approaches to prevent the multicentric development of HCC is 'clonal deletion' therapy, which is defined as the removal of latent (i.e. invisible) (pre)malignant clones from the liver in a hypercarcinogenic state. Retinoids, a group of structural and functional analogs of vitamin A, exert their biological function primarily through two distinct nuclear receptors, retinoic acid receptors and retinoid X receptors (RXR), and abnormalities in the expression and function of these receptors are highly associated with the development of various cancers, including HCC. In particular, a malfunction of RXR alpha due to phosphorylation by the Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway is profoundly associated with the development of HCC and thus may be a critical target for HCC chemoprevention. Acyclic retinoid, which has been clinically shown to reduce the incidence of a post-therapeutic recurrence of HCC, can inhibit Ras activity and phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and RXR alpha proteins. In conclusion, the inhibition of RXR alpha phosphorylation and the restoration of its physiological function as a master regulator for nuclear receptors may be a potentially effective strategy for HCC chemoprevention and clonal deletion. Acyclic retinoid, which targets phosphorylated RXR alpha, may thus play a critical role in preventing the development of multicentric HCC. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 369-374).