Molecular aspects of adrenergic modulation of cardiac L-type Ca2+ channels

L-type Ca2+ channels are predominantly regulated by beta-adrenergic stimulation, enhancing L-type Ca2+ current by increasing the mean channel open time and/or the opening probability of functional Ca2+ channels. Stimulation of p-adrenergic receptors (ARs) results in an increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production by adenylate cyclase (AC) and consequently activation of protein kinase (PK) A and phosphorylation of L-type Ca2+ channels by this enzyme. beta(1)-Adrenergic receptors couple exclusively to the G protein Gs, producing a widespread increase in cAMP levels in the cell, whereas beta(2)-adrenergic receptors couple to both Gs and Gi, producing a more localized activation of L-type Ca2+ channels. Other signaling intermediates (protein kinase C, protein kinase G or protein tyrosine kinase (PTK)) either have negative effects on L-type Ca2+ current, or they interact with the stimulatory effect of the protein kinase A pathway. (C) 2004 European Society of Cardiology. Published by Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.