Orientation-cage experiments with the European Quail during the breeding season and autumn migration

The directional movements of the male European Quail, Coturnix coturnix (L., 1758), during the breeding season and autumn migration were studied using Emlen orientation cages. The characteristics and evolution of the habitat in which males were captured and the sexual behaviour shown at capture indicate that these birds move in search of mating partners rather than of suitable habitats. These displacements are known as gypsy movements but are better described, as argued in this paper, as movements in search of females. A majority of caged birds (59%) showed a preferred direction (alpha = 238.5 degrees), which coincided almost exactly with that observed in recoveries of ringed birds during autumn migration (alpha = 251.3 degrees) but not with results from cage experiments during the same migratory period (alpha = 187.8 degrees). Therefore, we conclude that displacements of the male European Quail, as shown in ringing recoveries, are much more influenced by movements in search of females than by migration. These movements are clearly towards the southwest, the males taking short flights towards suitable breeding grounds and driven by river-course habitats. In addition, we confirm that Emlen funnels are suitable for controlled experiments on the orientation of males in demes of European Quail.