Turbidimetric and nephelometric flow analysis: Concepts and applications

A review on flow analysis with turbidimetric and nephelometric detection is presented. A brief discussion of the principles of turbidimetry and nephelometry is given. Particular emphasis is devoted to coupling different flow techniques ( flow injection, sequential injection, multicommutation) to these detection techniques. Applications in environmental, pharmaceutical, biological, and food samples are summarized and compared in terms of application range, flow configuration, repeatability, and sampling rate.