Dependence of the heat of reaction of Li0.81C6 (0.1 V), Li7Ti5O12, (1.55 V), and Li0.5VO2 (2.45 V) reacting with nonaqueous solvents or electrolytes on the average potential of the electrode material

Negative electrode materials for Li-ion batteries can be selected from several choices that have different potentials vs Li metal. In this paper, using Li0.81C6 (0.1 V), Li7Ti5O12 (1.55 V), and Li0.5VO2 (B) (2.45 V) as examples, we show how the heat of reaction between these electrode materials and nonaqueous solvents or electrolytes depends on the negative electrode potential. The three fully lithiated negative electrode materials react with ethylene carbonate/diethyl carbonate solvent, producing Li2CO3, C2H4, and the delithiated phases [C, Li4Ti5O12, or VO2 (B)]. The heat of reaction depends strongly on the negative electrode potential and is -54 +/- 8 kJ/(mol Li) for Li0.5VO2 (B), -110 +/- 13 kJ/(mol Li) for Li7Ti5O12, and -215 +/- 16 kJ/(mol Li) for Li0.81C6, respectively. Thermodynamic considerations show that the heat of reaction per mole of lithium vs electrode potential should vary as 96.5 kJ(mol Li)(-1) V-1, in good agreement with experiment. These results suggest that energy of Li-ion cells can be traded for increased safety by switching to higher potential negative electrode materials. (c) 2005 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.1149/1.2146914] All rights reserved.