Systemic hypothermia increases PAI-1 expression and accelerates microvascular thrombus formation in endotoxemic mice

Introduction Hypothermia during sepsis significantly impairs patient outcome in clinical practice. Severe sepsis is closely linked to activation of the coagulation system, resulting in microthrombosis and subsequent organ failure. Herein, we studied whether systemic hypothermia accelerates microvascular thrombus formation during lipopolysacharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemia in vivo, and characterized the low temperature-induced endothelial and platelet dysfunctions. Methods Ferric-chloride induced microvascular thrombus formation was analyzed in cremaster muscles of hypothermic endotoxemic mice. Flow cytometry, ELISA and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate the effect of hypothermia on endothelial and platelet function. Results Control animals at 37 C revealed complete occlusion of arterioles and venules after 759 +/- 115 s and 744 +/- 112 s, respectively. Endotoxemia significantly ( p < 0.05) accelerated arteriolar and venular occlusion in 37 degrees C animals ( 255 +/- 35 s and 238 +/- 58 s, respectively). This was associated with an increase of circulating endothelial activation markers, agonist-induced platelet reactivity, and endothelial P-selectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 expression. Systemic hypothermia of 34 C revealed a slight but not significant reduction of arteriolar ( 224 +/- 35 s) and venular ( 183 +/- 35 s) occlusion times. Cooling of the endotoxemic animals to 31 degrees C core body temperature, however, resulted in a further acceleration of microvascular thrombus formation, in particular in arterioles ( 127 +/- 29 s, p < 0.05 versus 37 degrees C endotoxemic animals). Of interest, hypothermia did not affect endothelial receptor expression and platelet reactivity, but increased endothelial PAI-1 expression and, in particular, soluble PAI-1 antigen (sPAI-Ag) plasma levels. Conclusion LPS-induced endotoxemia accelerates microvascular thrombus formation in vivo, most probably by generalized endothelial activation and increased platelet reactivity. Systemic hypothermia further enhances microthrombosis in endotoxemia. This effect is associated with increased endothelial PAI-1 expression and sPAI-Ag in the systemic circulation rather than further endothelial activation or modulation of platelet reactivity.