Transforming Growth Factor-β Regulator SnoN Modulates Mammary Gland Branching Morphogenesis, Postlactational Involution, and Mammary Tumorigenesis

SnoN is an important negative regulator of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling that was originally identified as a transforming oncogene in chicken embryonic fibroblasts. Both pro-oncogenic and antioncogenic activities of SnoN have been reported, but its function in normal epithelial cells has not been defined. In the mouse mammary gland, SnoN is expressed at relatively low levels, but it is transiently upregulated at late gestation before being downregulated during lactation and early involution. To assess the effects of elevated levels of SnoN, we generated transgenic mice expressing a SnoN fragment under the control of the mouse mammary tumor virus promoter. In this model system, SnoN elevation increased side-branching and lobular-alveolar proliferation in virgin glands, while accelerating involution in postlactation glands. Increased proliferation stimulated by SnoN was insufficient to induce mammary tumorigenesis. In contrast, elevated levels of SnoN cooperated with polyoma middle T antigen to accelerate the formation of aggressive multifocal adenocarcinomas and to increase the formation of pulmonary metastases. Our studies define functions of SnoN in mammary epithelial cell proliferation and involution, and provide the first in vivo evidence of a pro-oncogenic role for SnoN in mammalian tumorigenesis. Cancer Res; 70(10); 4204-13. (C) 2010 AACR.