A five-year comparison of the renal protective effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in patients with non-diabetic nephropathy

Objective Evidence suggests that the effectiveness of angiotensin-converting enzyme ( ACE) inhibition diminishes with time, resulting in increasing angiotensin II levels, the action of which can be inhibited by the addition of an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB). In the present study, the renal protective effects of ACE inhibitors and ARBs were compared over a five-year period in a prospective, randomized, open-blind study in 68 non-diabetic Japanese patients with elevated serum creatinine levels. Patients and Methods Japanese patients with renal insufficiency were randomly assigned to receive either an ACE inhibitor ( benazepril 1.25 to 5 mg daily or trandolapril 0.5 to 4 mg daily) or ARB ( candesartan 2 to 8 mg daily or losartan 25 to 100 mg daily) at the Kidney Disease Center at Saitama Medical School Hospital. The primary study endpoint was a change in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) between the baseline value and the last available value obtained during the five-year treatment period, as estimated by the Cockcraft-Gault equation. Secondary endpoints included the annual changes in GFR, serum creatinine level, urinary protein excretion, and blood pressure, as well as the rate of development of end-stage renal disease. Results There were no significant differences in the primary endpoint between the two groups. However, after 4 years, the decline in GFR in patients treated with ARBs was significantly greater than that seen in patients treated with an ACE inhibitor (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the rate of introduction of dialysis therapy was also significantly greater in the ARB-treated patients ( 52.7% in ACE inhibitor and 81.2% in ARB group at year 5. p < 0.01). Conclusion While our data suggested that ARB, like ACE, treatment might slow the progression of renal dysfunction, it also pointed to the necessity to be alerted to the progression to end-stage renal disease with long-term medication.