The NEMO adaptor bridges the nuclear factor-kappa B and interferon regulatory factor signaling pathways

Intracellular detection of RNA virus infection is mediated by the RNA helicase RIG-I, which is recruited to mitochondria by the adaptor protein MAVS and triggers activation of the transcription factors NF-kappa B, IRF3 and IRF7. Here we demonstrate that virus-induced activation of IRF3 and IRF7 depended on the NF-kappa B modulator NEMO, which acted 'upstream' of the kinases TBK1 and IKK epsilon. IRF3 phosphorylation, formation of IRF3 dimers and DNA binding, as well as IRF3-dependent gene expression, were abrogated in NEMO-deficient cells. IRF3 phosphorylation and interferon production were restored by ectopic expression of NEMO. Thus, NEMO, like MAVS, acts as an adaptor protein that allows RIG-I to activate both the NF-kappa B and IRF signaling pathways.