Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS): An emerging neuroimaging technology with important applications for the study of brain disorders

Functional nea-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an emerging functional neuroimaging technology offering a relative), non-invasive, safe, portable, and low-cost method of indirect and direct monitoring brain activity. Most exciting is its potential to allow more ecologically valid investigations that can translate laboratory work into more realistic everyday settings and clinical environments. Our aim is to acquaint clinicians and researchers frith the unique and beneficial characteristics of fNIRS by reviewing its relative merits and limitations vis-a-vis other brain-imaging technologies such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (JMRI). We review cross-validation work between fMRI and fINRS, and discuss possible reservations about its deployment in clinical research and practice. Finally because there is no comprehensive review of applications of fNIRS to brain disorders, we also review, findings from the few studies utilizing fNIRS to investigate neurocognitive processes associated with neurological (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinsons disease, epilepsy, traumatic brain injury) and psychiatric disorders (schizophrenia, mood disorders, anxiety, disorders).